El Inca: Pachacutec; dibujo de Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala en Nueva Cronica y Buen Gobierno (1615). Pachacutec (quechua: Pacha Kutiq, "El que cambia laTierra" Reformador de la Tierra) (Cusco, 1400 - 1471) fue el noveno gobernante del incanato y su primer emperador, entre los anios 1438 y 1471.
Fue hijo de Wiracocha y Mama Runtu. Su nombre fue, inicialmente, Cusi Yupanqui (principe alegre). Su juventud transcurrio en una epoca muy turbulenta. Los chancas habian comenzado su avanzada con la invasion de posiciones cusquenias, llegando a su punto algido en 1435, cuando se hallaban muy cerca a la ciudad. Es en esta circuanstancia que el Inca Wiracocha y su hijo el Inca Urco decidiron prestar obediencia a los invasores chancas, en esto debio influir la vejez de Wiracocha y la fama de feroces de los chancas; asi pues Wiracocha decide abandonar el Cusco junto con sus hijos Urco y Zoczo, dirigiendose junto con sus sirvientes a Cita. Esto termino por impacientar a los pobladores del Cusco que aterrorizados vieron la ciudad abandonada y a los Chancas en las proximidades y prestos a invadir la ciudad.
Asi pues estando acefalo el reino, Cusi Yupanqui asume la conduccion de la defensa de la ciudad, asi con esto muestra su valor y logra imponerse sobre los veteranos generales imperiales, con lo cual se asegura el mando de las tropas. Una vez asegurada la fidelidad de las tropas y con su liderazgo indiscutido Cusi Yupanqui, con astucia y siguiendo la tradicion andina dirige emisarios a los curacas cercanos en busca de ayuda, para lo cual despacha junto a los mensajeros obsequios y promesas de tierras. Asi pues contando con la ayuda de los curacas de Canas y Canchis Cusi Yupanqui emprende la defensa de Cusco, para lo cual decidio cavar hoyos en la tierra como estratagema para provocar bajas a los chancas, ademas siguiendo la costumbre andina realiza sacrificios a los dioses. Ya en la batalla los chancas confirmaron su fama de feroces lanzandose contralos incas dando alaridos, asi pues las dos fuerzas chocaron produciendose gran mortandad; en este punto debemos aclarar que algunos curacas se habian apostadoen los cerros cercanos atemorizados por el poder de los chancas e indecisos sobre a que bando unirse; posteriormente y con el transcurrir de la batalla los incas empezaron a imponerse y Cusi Yupanqui decide llevar a cabo un ataque temerario, se dirige al idolo chanca, Uscovilca, con los cual las tropas chancas se desmoralizan y los incas gritan su victoria, lo cual acabo pordecidir a los curacas apostados en las alturas a unirse al bando cuzquenio , siendo esto explicado por la tradicion inca como el milagro de los pururauca (las miticas piedras que se convierten en soldados y deciden la victoria cusquenia).
Tras este desastre los chancas retroceden y se reagrupan, presentando labatalla decisiva en Yahuar Pampa (pampa de la sangre), en 1438, donde la contundente victoria fue para el reino del Cusco. Dotado de un gran talento militar, inicio la expansion del Imperio Inca mas alla de las fronteras del Peru actual: hacia el norte, conquisto los reinos Chimu y de Quito, y por el sur llego hasta el valle de Nazca. A fin de imponer su dominio sobre un complejo mosaico de mas de 500 tribus, con lenguas, religiones y costumbres dispares y radicadas en areas geograficas distantes, Pachacutec Inca Yupanqui reprimio con extrema dureza las rebeliones de los pueblos sometidos y no dudo en deportar a los grupos mas conflictivos lejos de sus regiones de origen, dado lugar a los pueblos desplazados o mitimaes, pueblos que por su rebeldia habian sido llevados desde su lugar de origen a otro lugar mas estrategico para los fines del Imperio.
No fue, sin embargo, un mero conquistador, ya que tambien supo dotar a su Estado de una solida y eficaz estructura administrativa. Asi, por ejemplo, organizo las ciudades conquistadas segun el modelo inca y encomendo su gobierno a una jerarquia de funcionarios que habian de rendir cuentas de sugestion en el Cusco, la capital del Imperio, que durante el reinado de Pachacutec supero los 100.000 habitantes. De hecho, todos los cargos importantes eran desempeniados por funcionarios de origen inca, mientras que los gobiernos regionales estaban en manos de miembros de la familia real.
En los ultimos anios de su vida, Pachacutec confio la direccion de las campanias militares a su hijo Tupac, en tanto que el se dedicaba a supervisarla construccion de algunos de los monumentos mas importantes de la cultura inca, como el Templo del Sol, en el Cusco, la ciudadela de Sacsayhuaman, cercade la capital, y Machu Picchu, la ciudad-fortaleza enclavada sobre el valle del rio Urubamba. A este soberano se atribuye tambien la adopcion del sistema de cultivo en terrazas, que caracterizo el sistema agricola incaico. Funcion publica la expansion territorial y con ello la carga administrativa, esto hizo necesario una nueva organizacion y nuevas instituciones estatales. Organizacion del Imperio principalmente se nota su influjo en el imperio en la organizacion de las llamadas panacas (familia de un noble) reales, la instauracion del incesto real y la implantacion del correinado como claves para el mejor funcionamiento del imperio.
Reconstruccion del Cusco Antes de Pachacutec, el Cusco era enrealidad un villorrio perdido en los Andes centrales, no destacando frente aciudades de la magnitud de Chan-Chan, Taipicala, Pachacamac, Chachapoyas, Aymaras, etc. Asi pues ante el crecimiento del imperio y con ello el aparato estatal era necesario ampliar y mejorar la ciudad para mantener a las instituciones y funcionarios imperiales. Fueron numerosas las obras publicas en la epoca de Pachacutec, tales como la canalizacion de los rios que atravezaban el Cusco, la construccion de andenes, y la reconstruccion de Coricancha, ademas de numerosos palacios.
Thursday, May 15, 2008
Lo que los peruanos podemos aprender de la historia
Por Alain Ian
Desde Perú un saludo a nuestros hermanos de toda América, este documental ayuda a conocer de lo que es capaz nuestra sangre. Miremos nuestra historia para recordar que fuimos capaces de crear sociedades sin hambre que fuimos capaces de crear grandes maravillas de ingeniería. La pregunta; que nos falta para hacerlo de nuevo? Nada el IQ ya lo tenemos, solo nos falta la valentía que tuvo Pachacutec para cambiar su propio destino y por ende la de toda su sangre.
A mis compatriotas peruanos, el orgullo que tenemos de nuestro pasado Inca debe servirnos como palanca para atrevernos a hacer las cosas como lo hacían ellos, es decir debemos recuperar la capacidad de crear nuestras propias soluciones para nuestros propios problemas. Ahora tenemos a Dios de nuestro lado y solo nos queda recordar y poner en práctica la creatividad que fue olvidada debido al mestizaje.
Desde Perú un saludo a nuestros hermanos de toda América, este documental ayuda a conocer de lo que es capaz nuestra sangre. Miremos nuestra historia para recordar que fuimos capaces de crear sociedades sin hambre que fuimos capaces de crear grandes maravillas de ingeniería. La pregunta; que nos falta para hacerlo de nuevo? Nada el IQ ya lo tenemos, solo nos falta la valentía que tuvo Pachacutec para cambiar su propio destino y por ende la de toda su sangre.
A mis compatriotas peruanos, el orgullo que tenemos de nuestro pasado Inca debe servirnos como palanca para atrevernos a hacer las cosas como lo hacían ellos, es decir debemos recuperar la capacidad de crear nuestras propias soluciones para nuestros propios problemas. Ahora tenemos a Dios de nuestro lado y solo nos queda recordar y poner en práctica la creatividad que fue olvidada debido al mestizaje.
Wednesday, May 14, 2008
Pachacutec, the greatest man produced in ancient America
Pachacutec, died 1471
Inca emperor
"Although his father and some other predecessors may have been at least partly legendary, Pachacuti was a real person, the actual founder of the Inca Empire and perhaps the greatest man produced in ancient America."
By Jonathan Norton Leonard, Ancient America
Pachacutec Inca Yupanqui, sometimes referred to as Pachacuti, was not the first emperor of the Inca people in South America, but he was the first one whose existence is firmly established in history. More important, he was the greatest of the Inca rulers, an empire builder who began with a kingdom of perhaps twenty-five square miles and shaped it into a vast realm. He initiated a system of roads and a highly organized government that ruled its people efficiently and—by the standards of premodern America—with justice.
Inca emperor
"Although his father and some other predecessors may have been at least partly legendary, Pachacuti was a real person, the actual founder of the Inca Empire and perhaps the greatest man produced in ancient America."
By Jonathan Norton Leonard, Ancient America
Pachacutec Inca Yupanqui, sometimes referred to as Pachacuti, was not the first emperor of the Inca people in South America, but he was the first one whose existence is firmly established in history. More important, he was the greatest of the Inca rulers, an empire builder who began with a kingdom of perhaps twenty-five square miles and shaped it into a vast realm. He initiated a system of roads and a highly organized government that ruled its people efficiently and—by the standards of premodern America—with justice.
The Sacred Hymns of Pachacutec 2
The Sacred Hymns of Pachacutec
Ancient Inca Poetry
Translations by John Curl
The hymns of Pachacutec Inca Yupanqui, composed for the Situa ceremony around 1440-1450, are among the world's great sacred poetry.
The eleven hymns, or jaillis, in Quechua verse, were sung to the accompaniment of instruments during the annual Inca ceremony of the Situa Raymi, held at the first new moon after the Spring equinox.
Pachacutec, considered by many to be the greatest Inca emperor, transformed Manco Capac's vision into Tawantinsuyu, Land of the Four Directions, the Inca empire. One can compare Manco Capac - legendary Inca demiurge, mythical founder and bringer of civilization - with King Arthur, Prometheus or Quetzalcóatl; one can compare Pachacutec - historical leader of an expanding new socio-political world order, a new Weltanschauung - with Charlemagne, Alexander the Great, Napoleon or Mao Tse Tung (another extraordinary poet).
In appreciation of the sacred Inca hymns, the great Quechua scholar Jesus Lara writes, "Among the hymns... there are fragments of profound beauty, interpreters of a high level of spirituality reached by the Inca people. Many of them seduce by their transparent simplicity, for the elemental gratitude in them for the deity who creates and governs, who grants sustenance, peace and happiness. Many captivate by their elevation contiguous with metaphysic. All by the emotional force that palpitates in them."
Ancient Inca Poetry
Translations by John Curl
The hymns of Pachacutec Inca Yupanqui, composed for the Situa ceremony around 1440-1450, are among the world's great sacred poetry.
The eleven hymns, or jaillis, in Quechua verse, were sung to the accompaniment of instruments during the annual Inca ceremony of the Situa Raymi, held at the first new moon after the Spring equinox.
Pachacutec, considered by many to be the greatest Inca emperor, transformed Manco Capac's vision into Tawantinsuyu, Land of the Four Directions, the Inca empire. One can compare Manco Capac - legendary Inca demiurge, mythical founder and bringer of civilization - with King Arthur, Prometheus or Quetzalcóatl; one can compare Pachacutec - historical leader of an expanding new socio-political world order, a new Weltanschauung - with Charlemagne, Alexander the Great, Napoleon or Mao Tse Tung (another extraordinary poet).
In appreciation of the sacred Inca hymns, the great Quechua scholar Jesus Lara writes, "Among the hymns... there are fragments of profound beauty, interpreters of a high level of spirituality reached by the Inca people. Many of them seduce by their transparent simplicity, for the elemental gratitude in them for the deity who creates and governs, who grants sustenance, peace and happiness. Many captivate by their elevation contiguous with metaphysic. All by the emotional force that palpitates in them."
The Sacred Hymns of Pachacutec 1
The Sacred Hymns of Pachacutec
Ancient Inca Poetry
Translations by John Curl
1: First
Oh Creator, root of all,
God, end of all,
Lord in shining garments
who infuses life and sets all things in order,
saying, "Let there be man! Let there be woman!"
Molder, maker,
to all things you have given life:
watch over them,
keep them living prosperously, fortunately
in safety and peace.
Where are you?
Outside? Inside?
Above this world in the clouds?
Below this world in the shades?
Hear me!
Answer me!
Take my words to your heart!
For ages without end
let me live,
grasp me in your arms,
hold me in your hands,
receive this offering
wherever you are, my Lord,
my God.
2: Prayer that the people may multiply
Creator
Lord of the Lake,
God provider,
industrious Lord
in shining clothes:
Let man live well,
let woman live well,
let the peoples multiply,
live blessed and prosperous lives.
Preserve what you have infused with life
for ages without end,
hold it in your hand.
3: To all the miracles
Creator, end of all things
root of all
Lord of the Lake
active diligent God,
Lord of Mountains
Lord of Prayers
Lord of Rituals
Lord without measure,
Creator, end of all,
who rewards and grants:
Let the communities and peoples prosper
and also those who journey outside or within.
4: Fourth
O Lord
fortunate, happy, victorious Lord,
merciful and compassionate toward the people:
Before you stand your servants and the poor
to whom you have given life and put in their places:
Let them be happy and blessed
with their children and descendants;
let them not fall into veiled dangers
along the lonely road;
let them live many years
without weakening or loss,
let them eat, let them drink.
5: Five
O, my Lord,
my Creator, origin of all,
diligent worker
who infuses life and order into all,
saying, "Let them eat,
let them drink in this world:"
Increase the potatoes and corn,
all the foods
of those to whom you have given life,
whom you have established.
You who orders,
who fulfills what you have decreed,
let them increase.
So the people do not suffer and,
not suffering, believe in you.
Let it not frost
let it not hail,
preserve all things in peace.
6: Prayer to the God
Lord God,
Who says
"Let there be day, let there be night!"
Who says,
"Let there be dawn, let it grow light!"
Who makes the Sun, your son,
move happy and blessed each day,
so that man whom you have made has light:
My Lord,
shine on your Inca people,
illuminate your servants,
whom you have shepherded,
let them live
happy and blessed
preserve them
in peace,
free of sickness, free of pain.
Ancient Inca Poetry
Translations by John Curl
1: First
Oh Creator, root of all,
God, end of all,
Lord in shining garments
who infuses life and sets all things in order,
saying, "Let there be man! Let there be woman!"
Molder, maker,
to all things you have given life:
watch over them,
keep them living prosperously, fortunately
in safety and peace.
Where are you?
Outside? Inside?
Above this world in the clouds?
Below this world in the shades?
Hear me!
Answer me!
Take my words to your heart!
For ages without end
let me live,
grasp me in your arms,
hold me in your hands,
receive this offering
wherever you are, my Lord,
my God.
2: Prayer that the people may multiply
Creator
Lord of the Lake,
God provider,
industrious Lord
in shining clothes:
Let man live well,
let woman live well,
let the peoples multiply,
live blessed and prosperous lives.
Preserve what you have infused with life
for ages without end,
hold it in your hand.
3: To all the miracles
Creator, end of all things
root of all
Lord of the Lake
active diligent God,
Lord of Mountains
Lord of Prayers
Lord of Rituals
Lord without measure,
Creator, end of all,
who rewards and grants:
Let the communities and peoples prosper
and also those who journey outside or within.
4: Fourth
O Lord
fortunate, happy, victorious Lord,
merciful and compassionate toward the people:
Before you stand your servants and the poor
to whom you have given life and put in their places:
Let them be happy and blessed
with their children and descendants;
let them not fall into veiled dangers
along the lonely road;
let them live many years
without weakening or loss,
let them eat, let them drink.
5: Five
O, my Lord,
my Creator, origin of all,
diligent worker
who infuses life and order into all,
saying, "Let them eat,
let them drink in this world:"
Increase the potatoes and corn,
all the foods
of those to whom you have given life,
whom you have established.
You who orders,
who fulfills what you have decreed,
let them increase.
So the people do not suffer and,
not suffering, believe in you.
Let it not frost
let it not hail,
preserve all things in peace.
6: Prayer to the God
Lord God,
Who says
"Let there be day, let there be night!"
Who says,
"Let there be dawn, let it grow light!"
Who makes the Sun, your son,
move happy and blessed each day,
so that man whom you have made has light:
My Lord,
shine on your Inca people,
illuminate your servants,
whom you have shepherded,
let them live
happy and blessed
preserve them
in peace,
free of sickness, free of pain.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
